专利名称:具有翼型的桨叶的制作方法
技术领域:
本发明涉及一种具有许多个特殊翼型截面的螺旋桨叶。
某些螺旋桨,如螺旋桨风扇是采用薄后掠桨叶。限定桨叶的翼型的形状能够使该桨叶在压缩率损失最小前提下具有大的动力载荷。例如,由联合技术公司的汉密尔顿标准分部(Hamilton Standard Division of United Technologies Corporation)制造的每个螺旋桨风扇桨叶具有的动力载荷约为37.5轴马力/直径2(Shp/d2)。这种薄后掠浆叶可以使螺旋桨-风扇发动机的螺旋桨在飞行马赫数为0.8,叶尖速度为800英尺/秒,和飞行高度为35000英尺条件下其峰值效率达到80%以上。
该桨叶的设计必须可靠地满足在这样高的叶尖速度和飞行马赫数的要求。但是,例如由美国国家航空咨询委员会推荐系列16(NACASeries16)的翼型所组成的薄后掠桨叶具有几个设计限制。这种翼型的前缘形状使得浆叶易于受到外物损伤。其后缘形状使得该桨叶非常难于加工。薄桨叶的特性使其难以制造。
本发明的目的是创制一种在较高的飞行马赫数条件下提供大负载和高效率翼型截面的桨叶。
本发明的一个目的是创制一种其翼型截面不易受到外物损伤的桨叶。
本发明的再一个目的是创制一种其翼型截面容易加工和制造的桨叶。
按照本发明,一种具有若干个较厚的超临界翼型截面的桨叶,该翼型的每个截面具有一个延伸到约40%弦长的略带弯度的抛物线形前缘,一个由40%弦长至后缘的平缓上表面的压力恢复区,和一个由40%弦长至后缘藉此产生所需要升力的凹形下表面。
按照本发明的一个特征,其翼型截面具有2%至7.5%变化范围的厚度比(h/b)。这样为本发明的新型桨叶提供一种其气动性能与NACASeries16翼型相似而又具有不易受外物损伤,较少出现加工问题,强度更高和较少制造问题等特点。
本发明的这些和其它的目的,特征和优点在结合附图对本发明的最佳实施方案进行详细描述以后将一目了然。
图1是表示本发明的翼型的一系列截面剖示图和一个为了以放大比例显示各翼型截面的形状细节,沿着这些截面的桨叶轴线位于典型位置的一个桨叶的平面示图。
图2是表示本发明的各翼型截面弧高线的曲线,X/C是在弦线上的无量钢位置示值,Y/C是由翼型弦上的无量钢弧高线示值。
图3是表示本发明各翼型截面的厚度曲线,t/C是在对应于弦长位置X/C处各翼型的无量钢厚度值。
图4是本发明的各翼型截面的图形表示。
图5是本发明的翼型截面和现有技术中NACASeries16翼型截面的升力阻力比的曲线。
图6是本发明的各翼型截面与现有技术中NACASeries16的各翼型截面的阻力上升对比曲线。
参看图1,图中显示出本发明的翼型桨叶100的一系列截面。每个截面是由该截面的厚度比(厚度/长度)乘以1000的两位数组成的数码进行识别。这样,例如最上面一个翼型截面20的特征为其厚度比是0.02,第二个翼型截面26的厚度比为0.026,第三个翼型截面30的厚度比为0.030,第四个翼型截面40的厚度比为0.040,第五个翼型截面60的厚度比为0.060,第六个翼型截面75的厚度比为0.075。再参看图2,可以看出翼型截面20基本上取自桨叶的叶尖部位,翼型截面26取自由桨叶榫头部分105起沿该桨叶纵轴长度的0.85部位处,截面30是取自由榫头部分起沿该桨叶纵轴长度的0.75部位。同样地,截面40是取自由榫头部分起沿桨叶纵轴,长度的0.65部位,截面60是取自桨叶纵轴长度的0.45部位而截面75是取自桨叶纵轴长度的0.35部位。自然,应当理解到,当翼型截面的弦长是以一个通用长度表示时,对于桨叶锥度的设计考虑将控制翼型截面的相对尺寸而且本发明在各翼型截面之间将不局限于任何具体的尺寸关系。
图1所示在桨叶各翼型截面之间的各个断面是由任何两相邻翼型形状之间所连接各相应部分的过渡表面所限定的,这些属于现有技术早为人们熟知。自然,各翼型截面相互之间,以现有技术中人们熟知的方式进行角偏移以便根据气动特性要求为该桨叶建立不同的桨叶攻角产生足够的扭曲。
以下各表详细地列出本发明的桨叶若干个翼型截面的无量钢座标位置和桨叶高度。其中X/C值是桨叶弦线上的无量钢位置。Y/C(上部)表示由弦线至桨叶的负压表面上各点的无量钢高度值。Y/C(下部)表示由弦线至桨叶压力表面上各点的无量钢高度值。
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翼型截面26X/CY/CY/CX/CY/CY/C(上靣)(下靣)(上靣)(下靣)0.000000.000000.000000.470000.01773-0.008670.000500.00090-0.000890.480000.01784-0.008360.001000.00127-0.001260.490000.01795-0.008030.002000.00178-0.001770.500000.01806-0.007680.003000.00218-0.002150.510000.01816-0.007310.005000.00279-0.002750.520000.01827-0.006930.007500.00338-0.003320.530000.01838-0.006530.010000.00387-0.003790.540000.01848-0.006110.020000.00533-0.005120.560000.01869-0.005240.030000.00638-0.006040.570000.01879-0.004790.040000.00722-0.006740.580000.01888-0.004340.060000.00855-0.007770.590000.01897-0.003870.070000.00910-0.008180.600000.01905-0.003410.080000.00959-0.008540.610000.01912-0.002950.090000.01004-0.008860.620000.01917-0.002480.100000.01046-0.009150.630000.01918-0.002030.110000.01084-0.009420.640000.01916-0.001590.120000.01119-0.009660.660000.01908-0.000750.130000.01153-0.009890.670000.01902-0.000350.140000.01184-0.010100.680000.018940.000020.160000.01243-0.010450.690000.018840.000370.170000.01270-0.010610.700000.018730.000690.180000.01296-0.010750.710000.018590.000980.190000.01321-0.010870.730000.018250.001480.200000.01345-0.010980.740000.018050.001680.210000.01368-0.011080.760000.017570.001980.220000.01390-0.011160.770000.017290.002090.230000.01412-0.011230.780000.016990.002160.240000.01433-0.011280.790000.016650.002200.260000.01474-0.011340.800000.016300.002230.270000.01493-0.011360.810000.015910.002220.280000.01512-0.011350.820000.015500.002200.290000.01530-0.011340.840000.014600.002090.300000.01547-0.011310.860000.013590.001890.310000.01564-0.011270.870000.013040.001770.320000.01580-0.011210.880000.012460.001620.330000.01595-0.011150.890000.011850.001450.340000.01610-0.011080.900000.011210.001250.360000.01639-0.010880.910000.010540.001020.370000.01653-0.010760.920000.009820.000740.380000.01667-0.010630.930000.009070.000420.390000.01680-0.010490.940000.008280.000060.400000.01693-0.010320.960000.00659-0.000770.410000.01705-0.010140.970000.00569-0.001220.420000.01717-0.009940.980000.00476-0.001690.430000.01729-0.009720.990000.00378-0.002190.440000.01740-0.009491.000000.00273-0.002730.460000.01762-0.00896
翼型截面30X/CY/CY/CX/CY/CY/C(上靣)(下靣)(上靣)(下靣)0.00000-0.00002-0.000020.470000.01841-0.010110.000500.00101-0.001000.480000.01849-0.009780.001000.00142-0.001410.490000.01856-0.009430.002000.00199-0.001980.500000.01863-0.009050.003000.00243-0.002410.510000.01869-0.008660.005000.00311-0.003080.520000.01875-0.008250.007500.00378-0.003720.530000.01881-0.007830.010000.00432-0.004250.540000.01887-0.007390.020000.00593-0.005750.560000.01897-0.006460.030000.00708-0.006770.570000.01902-0.005990.040000.00800-0.007560.580000.01905-0.005500.060000.00944-0.008740.590000.01909-0.005010.070000.01003-0.009200.600000.01911-0.004520.080000.01056-0.009610.610000.01913-0.004020.090000.01103-0.009970.620000.01914-0.003530.100000.01147-0.010310.630000.01914-0.003050.110000.01188-0.010610.640000.01912-0.002580.120000.01225-0.010890.660000.01905-0.001680.130000.01261-0.011150.670000.01899-0.001250.140000.01294-0.011380.680000.01892-0.000860.160000.01354-0.011790.690000.01883-0.000480.170000.01382-0.011970.700000.01872-0.000140.180000.01409-0.012130.710000.018590.000180.190000.01434-0.012270.730000.018260.000720.200000.01458-0.012410.740000.018060.000940.210000.01481-0.012520.760000.017610.001280.220000.01504-0.012620.770000.017340.001400.230000.01526-0.012700.780000.017050.001500.240000.01546-0.012770.790000.016730.001560.260000.01586-0.012860.800000.016390.001600.270000.01605-0.012880.810000.016020.001610.280000.01623-0.012880.820000.015620.001600.290000.01639-0.012870.840000.014750.001520.300000.01656-0.012850.860000.013760.001350.310000.01671-0.012800.870000.013220.001240.320000.01686-0.012750.880000.012650.001110.330000.01700-0.012690.890000.012060.000950.340000.01713-0.012610.900000.011430.000760.360000.01739-0.012420.910000.010770.000540.370000.01751-0.012300.920000.010070.000270.380000.01763-0.012160.930000.00934-0.000040.390000.01774-0.012010.940000.00856-0.000390.400000.01784-0.011840.960000.00692-0.001200.410000.01794-0.011650.970000.00604-0.001650.420000.01803-0.011440.980000.00513-0.002110.430000.01811-0.011220.990000.00417-0.002610.440000.01819-0.010971.00000.00315-0.003150.460000.01834-0.01042
翼型截面40X/CY/CY/CX/CY/CY/C(上靣)(下靣)(上靣)(下靣)0.000000.000000.000000.470000.02016-0.013840.000500.00130-0.001280.480000.02014-0.013470.001000.00181-0.001790.490000.02010-0.013080.002000.00254-0.002520.500000.02006-0.012660.003000.00310-0.003070.510000.02002-0.012220.005000.00396-0.003920.520000.01996-0.011760.007500.00480-0.004750.530000.01990-0.011270.010000.00548-0.005420.540000.01984-0.010770.020000.00749-0.007340.560000.01969-0.009720.030000.00891-0.008660.570000.01963-0.009180.040000.01002-0.009670.580000.01965-0.008620.060000.01174-0.011200.590000.01968-0.008070.070000.01244-0.011800.600000.01971-0.007500.080000.01306-0.012320.610000.01873-0.006930.090000.01361-0.012800.620000.01974-0.006360.100000.01412-0.013230.630000.01973-0.005800.110000.01458-0.013630.640000.01971-0.005260.120000.01501-0.014000.660000.01963-0.004220.130000.01540-0.014340.670000.01957-0.003730.140000.01577-0.014650.680000.01949-0.003260.160000.01643-0.015190.690000.01939-0.002820.170000.01673-0.015430.700000.01928-0.002410.180000.01702-0.015640.710000.01915-0.002030.190000.01728-0.015840.730000.01884-0.001370.200000.01753-0.016020.740000.01865-0.001100.210000.01777-0.016180.760000.01820-0.000650.220000.01799-0.016320.770000.01794-0.000480.230000.01820-0.016440.780000.01767-0.000340.240000.01840-0.016540.790000.01736-0.000240.260000.01877-0.016680.800000.01703-0.000160.270000.01895-0.016730.810000.01668-0.000100.280000.01910-0.016760.820000.01630-0.000070.290000.01925-0.016770.840000.01545-0.000070.300000.01938-0.016760.860000.01449-0.000140.310000.01950-0.016730.870000.01396-0.000210.320000.01961-0.016690.880000.01341-0.000300.330000.01971-0.016640.890000.01282-0.000410.340000.01980-0.016570.900000.01221-0.000550.360000.01995-0.016370.910000.01157-0.000730.370000.02002-0.016250.920000.01090-0.000960.380000.02008-0.016110.930000.01018-0.001240.390000.02013-0.015950.940000.00943-0.001560.400000.02016-0.015760.960000.00784-0.002310.410000.02019-0.015560.970000.00700-0.002740.420000.02021-0.015330.980000.00612-0.003190.430000.02022-0.015080.990000.00520-0.003670.440000.02021-0.014801.000000.00419-0.004190.460000.02019-0.01419
翼型截面60X/CY/CY/CX/CY/CY/C(上靣)(下靣)(上靣)(下靣)0.000000.000080.000080.470000.03246-0.025010.000500.00192-0.001940.480000.03239-0.024550.001000.00275-0.002780.490000.03232-0.024060.002000.00391-0.003960.500000.03223-0.023540.003000.00479-0.004860.510000.03212-0.022980.005000.00616-0.006250.520000.03201-0.022400.007500.00748-0.007580.530000.03189-0.021790.010000.00856-0.008660.540000.03175-0.021150.020000.01172-0.011780.560000.03143-0.019810.030000.01396-0.013950.570000.03125-0.019110.040000.01573-0.015630.580000.03105-0.018400.060000.01847-0.018180.590000.03085-0.017670.070000.01958-0.019190.600000.03064-0.016920.080000.02057-0.020090.610000.03041-0.016160.090000.02146-0.020900.620000.03014-0.015380.100000.02228-0.021630.630000.02984-0.014590.110000.02303-0.022310.640000.02951-0.013800.120000.02373-0.022930.660000.02883-0.012270.130000.02438-0.023500.670000.02848-0.001540.140000.02499-0.024030.680000.02814-0.010860.160000.02610-0.024970.690000.02779-0.010210.170000.02661-0.025390.700000.02744-0.009610.180000.02708-0.025770.710000.02706-0.009040.190000.02754-0.026130.730000.02625-0.007990.200000.02797-0.026460.740000.02581-0.007500.210000.02837-0.026760.760000.02483-0.006610.220000.02875-0.027020.770000.02430-0.006200.230000.02912-0.027260.780000.02374-0.005820.240000.02946-0.027470.790000.02315-0.005470.260000.03009-0.027810.800000.02254-0.005140.270000.03038-0.027940.810000.02190-0.004840.280000.03065-0.028040.820000.02124-0.004570.290000.03089-0.028110.840000.01983-0.004070.300000.03112-0.028160.860000.01830-0.003650.310000.03133-0.028190.870000.01749-0.003460.320000.03152-0.028190.880000.01666-0.003300.330000.03169-0.028170.890000.01580-0.003160.340000.03185-0.028210.900000.01491-0.003060.360000.03213-0.027950.910000.01399-0.003000.370000.03225-0.027840.920000.01304-0.002980.380000.03235-0.037690.930000.01205-0.003010.390000.03243-0.027520.940000.01103-0.003080.400000.03250-0.027320.960000.00889-0.003330.410000.03254-0.027090.970000.00778-0.003490.420000.03256-0.026820.980000.00663-0.003690.430000.03257-0.026530.990000.00545-0.003920.440000.03256-0.026201.000000.00422-0.004220.460000.03251-0.02544
翼型截面75X/CY/CY/CX/CY/CY/C(上靣)(下靣)(上靣)(下靣)0.000000.000220.000220.470000.03920-0.032330.000500.00228-0.002290.480000.03907-0.031800.001000.00332-0.003360.490000.03892-0.031240.002000.00479-0.004900.500000.03875-0.030640.003000.00593-0.006070.510000.03856-0.030010.005000.00764-0.007810.520000.03835-0.029330.007500.00929-0.009480.530000.03812-0.028630.010000.01064-0.010840.540000.03788-0.027900.020000.01457-0.014780.560000.03735-0.026350.030000.01734-0.017510.570000.03706-0.025540.040000.01952-0.019630.580000.03675-0.024710.060000.02289-0.022840.590000.03643-0.023870.070000.02425-0.024130.600000.03612-0.023020.080000.02546-0.025270.610000.03578-0.022160.090000.02656-0.026290.620000.03542-0.021280.100000.02756-0.027230.630000.03503-0.020390.110000.02848-0.028080.640000.03460-0.019490.120000.02933-0.028870.660000.03371-0.017730.130000.03013-0.029600.670000.03324-0.016870.140000.03088-0.030270.680000.03276-0.016030.160000.03223-0.031480.690000.03225-0.015220.170000.03284-0.032010.700000.03173-0.014430.180000.03342-0.032510.710000.03118-0.013670.190000.03396-0.032960.730000.02999-0.012220.200000.03447-0.033380.740000.02936-0.011530.210000.03496-0.033760.760000.02802-0.010240.220000.03542-0.034110.770000.02730-0.009630.230000.03585-0.034430.780000.02656-0.009060.240000.03626-0.034700.790000.02580-0.008510.260000.03701-0.035160.800000.02501-0.007980.270000.03734-0.035340.810000.02419-0.007490.280000.03765-0.035490.820000.02335-0.007010.290000.03793-0.035600.840000.02160-0.006140.300000.03818-0.035680.860000.01974-0.005360.310000.03841-0.035740.870000.01877-0.005010.320000.03862-0.035760.880000.01779-0.004690.330000.03881-0.035760.890000.01681-0.004420.340000.03898-0.035730.900000.01580-0.004180.360000.03926-0.035590.910000.01477-0.003990.370000.03937-0.035480.920000.01370-0.003850.380000.03946-0.035330.930000.01260-0.003750.390000.03953-0.035140.940000.01147-0.003680.400000.03957-0.034920.960000.00911-0.003660.410000.03959-0.034670.970000.00790-0.003700.420000.03958-0.034380.980000.00668-0.003800.430000.03955-0.034040.990000.00546-0.003960.440000.03950-0.033671.000000.00421-0.004210.460000.03932-0.03281
每个翼型截面只有一个最大厚度和最大弧高的位置,并当这些翼型应用于一个螺旋桨叶时,将产生光滑连续的上、下表面。
该翼型的特征如下每个翼型在约0.36X/C部位处具有一个最大厚度而在约0.74X/C部位处具有一个最大弧高。每个翼型的另一特征是其较大的后缘厚度比如下截面20的厚度比为0.0042;截面26的厚度比为0.00546;截面30的厚度比为0.0063;截面40的厚度比为0.00838;截面60的厚度比为0.00844;而截面75的厚度比为0.00842。
由上述描述并参阅图4表示它所公开的翼型系列,可以看出本发明的翼型由沿着整个弦长构成每个翼型形状110的特征包括一个带圆角的一般为抛物线形的前缘部分115,一个伸向弦长40%处的略带弯度部分,一个由弦长40%处到后缘125的平缓上表面压力恢复面120,和一个由弦长40%到后缘凹形的下表面130部分。该凹形的下表面提供了所需要的升力。与NACASeries16的前缘相比,该前缘部分115具有较大的前缘圆角半径,减少了外物损伤,而与NACASeries16的后缘相比具有钝的后缘,减少了桨叶的加工问题。
图5和图6显示出采用本发明翼型的桨叶与采用常规的美国国家航空咨询委员会的系列16(NACASeries16)翼型所形成的桨叶的性能对比。如图5所示,在每个翼型截面的设计升力系数为0.351和飞行速度为0.852马赫数条件下本发明在设计点上所提供的性能基本上等于NACASeries16在该设计点上的性能。但是,当超过设计的升力系数时,存在升力推力比L/D的差异,当结合螺旋桨性能计算时,以上造成的损失可忽略不计。此外,如图6所示,新的翼型以其改进的性能甚至可以在更高的飞行马赫数下进行工作。应注意NACASeries16翼型在马赫数超过0.85时阻力系数突然显著地增加,而本发明的翼型在阻力系数方面则显示出减小。
由于采用了独特的形状,这些翼型提供了胜过常规翼型的下述优点。一种在设计点上具有最小性能损失的较厚的螺旋桨风扇发动机的螺旋桨叶可以设计和制造出来,从而,制造比较容易,而且该桨叶可以更易于进行增强和制造出来。较大的前缘圆弧半径可减少外物的损伤。较钝的后缘简化了桨叶加工问题。此外,较大的前缘也便于制造。
尽管以最佳实施例方式对本发明进行了介绍和描述,应当可以理解对于那些熟习本专业技术的人员在不违背本发明的精神和范围的条件下对本发明的翼型形状的具体细节能够提出各种改变,省略和增添。
权利要求
1.一种具有多个翼型截面的桨叶,每个截面在沿其整个截面长度上的截面形状特征包括一个抛物线形前缘,一个由前缘伸向40%弦长的略带弯度部分,一个由40%弦长至后缘的平缓上表面的压力恢复面部分和一个由40%弦长至后缘的凹形下表面部分以形成汇合于较钝的后缘中的产生上述升力的正压表面和负压表面;上述翼型形状之一其厚度比为0.02,另一个翼型形状的厚度比为0.026,另一个翼型形状的厚度比接近0.03,另一个翼型形状的厚度比为0.04,另一个翼型形状的厚度比为0.06,而另一个翼型形状的厚度比为0.075,每个上述翼型形状在接近0.36/C处具有一个最大厚度值,而在接近0.75X/C处具有一个最大弧高值,其中X/C是沿着每个翼型形状的弦向无量纲长度。
全文摘要
一种具有若干较厚的超临界翼型截面(110)的桨叶,每个截面具有一个抛物线形前缘(115),一个伸向40%弦长的略带弯度部分,一个由40%弦长至后缘(125)平缓的上部表面压力恢复区域(120),和一由40%弦长至后缘以产生所需要升力的凹形下部表面(130)。
文档编号B64C11/18GK1031680SQ8810646
公开日1989年3月15日 申请日期1988年9月1日 优先权日1987年9月3日
发明者哈里·斯蒂芬·韦恩瑙斯基, 卡罗尔·玛丽·瓦克齐 申请人:联合工艺公司