本发明涉及药物组合物,其包括特异性结合her2/neu的第一分子和特异性结合细胞表面受体的、参与调节免疫检查点(或其配体)的第二分子。本发明尤其涉及其中第二分子结合pd-1的实施方式。本发明也涉及这类药物组合物治疗癌症和其他疾病的用途。相关技术描述i.her2/neu和her2/neu受体细胞生长和分化过程涉及通过特异性受体比如酪氨酸激酶发挥它们作用的生长因子。配体与酪氨酸激酶受体的结合引发一系列事件,其最终导致细胞增殖和分化(carpenter,g.等(1979)“epidermal growth factor,”annu rev biochem.48:193-216;sachs等(1987)“cell differentiation and bypassing of genetic defects in thesuppression of malignancy,”cancer res.47:1981-1986)。基于序列相似性和不同的特征,酪氨酸激酶受体可归类为若干组。一种这样的家族是erbb或表皮生长因子受体家族,其包括称为her-1(也称为erbb-1或egfr)、her2/neu(也称为her-2、erbb-2、c-neu或p185)、her-3(也称为erbb-3),和her-4(也称为erbb-4)的多个受体(见,例如,carpenter,g.等(1979)“epidermal growth factor,”annu.rev.biochem.48:193-216;semba,k.等(1985)“a v-erbb-related protooncogene,c-erbb-2,is distinct from the c-erbb-1/epidermal growth factor-receptor gene and is amplified in a human salivarygland adenocarcinoma,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)82:6497-6501;coussens,l.等(1985)“tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to egf receptorshares chromosomal location with neu oncogene,”science 230:1132-1139;bargmann,c.i.等(1986)“multiple independent activations of the neu oncogene bya point mutation altering the transmembrane domain of p185,”cell 45:649-657;kraus,m.h.等(1989)“isolation and characterization of erbb3,a third member ofthe erbb/epidermal growth factor receptor family:evidence for overexpressionin a subset of human mammary tumors,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)86:9193-9197;carraway,k.l.等(1994)“the erbb3 gene product is a receptor for heregulin,”j.biol.chem.269:14303-14306;plowman,g.d.等(1993)“heregulin induces tyrosinephosphorylation of her4/p180erbb4,”nature 366:473-475;和tzahar,e.等(1994)“erbb-3and erbb-4function as the respective low and high affinity receptorsof all neu differentiation factor/heregulin isoforms,”biol.chem.269:25226-25233)。在正常的发育过程和人肿瘤发生过程中,erbb受体在传播调节细胞增殖、分化、运动和细胞凋亡的信号中起到重要的作用(slamon,d.j.等(1989)“studies of the her-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer,”science 244:707-712)。例如,erbb受体的激活与以下相关并且刺激它们:下游mapk-erk1/2和磷酸肌醇-3-激酶(pi3k)/akt生长和生存途径。已经将癌症中这些途径的失调与疾病进展和难以治疗相关联(fukazawa,t.等(1996)“tyrosine phosphorylation of cbl upon epidermal growthfactor(egf)stimulation and its association with egf receptor and downstreamsignaling proteins,”j.biol.chem.271:14554-14559;tzahar,e.等(1996)“ahierarchical network of interreceptor interactions determines signaltransduction by neu differentiation factor/neuregulin and epidermal growthfactor,”mol.cell.biol.16:5276-5287;lange,c.a.等(1998)“convergence ofprogesterone and epidermal growth factor signaling in breastcancer.potentiation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways,”j.biol.chem.273:31308-31316;olayioye,m.a.等(1998)“erbb-1and erbb-2acquiredistinct signaling properties dependent upon their dimerization partner,”mol.cell.biol.18:5042-5051;hackel,p.o.等(1999)“epidermal growth factorreceptors:critical mediators of multiple receptor pathways,”curr.opin.cellbiol.11:184-189)。pi3k/akt的激活促进了细胞生存并且增强了肿瘤侵略性,并且报道了akt2在过表达her2/neu的乳腺癌中被激活和过表达(shak,s.(1999)“overview of thetrastuzumab(herceptin)anti-her2 monoclonal antibody clinical program in her2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer,”semin.oncol.suppl 12:71-77;huang,s.m.等(2000)“modulation of radiation response after epidermal growth factorreceptor blockade in squamous cell carcinomas:inhibition of damage repair,cell cycle kinetics,and tumor angiogenesis,”clinical cancer res.7:2166-2174;bacus,s.s.等(2002)“akt2 is frequently upregulated in her-2/neu-positivebreast cancers and may contribute to tumor aggressiveness by enhancing cellsurvival,”oncogene 21:3532-3540)。通过受体的erbb家族的信号传导由配体结合启动,这引发同受体二聚化或异受体二聚化、细胞质尾部的交互的酪氨酸磷酸化和细胞内信号转导途径的激活(citri,a.等(2003)“the deaf and the dumb:the biology of erbb-2and erbb-3,”exp.cellres.284:54-65)。结合和激活erbb受体的配体的可用性由各种金属蛋白酶,比如锌依赖性金属蛋白酶的adam(adisintegrin and metalloprotease,解链蛋白和金属蛋白酶)家族介导,该家族催化特异性蛋白质的细胞表面胞外域脱落(见chang,c.和werb,z.(2001)“themany faces of metalloproteases:cell growth,invasion,angiogenesis andmetastasis,”trends in cell biology11:s37-s43;moss,m.l.等(2002)“shedding ofmembrane proteins by adam family proteases,”essays in biochemistry 38:141-153;seals,d.f.等(2003)“the adams family of metalloproteases:multidomainproteins with multiple functions,”genes and development 17:7-30)。具体地,已经证明adam家族切割负责激活erbb受体的配体,比如app和notch(blobel,c.p.(2005)“adams:key components in egfr signalling and development,”nat.rev.mol.cell.biol.6:32-43)。her2/neu是erbb家族的重要成员。它是185kda受体蛋白,初始被鉴定为来自化学处理的大鼠的成神经细胞瘤的erbb2转化基因的产物。因为其在若干人类癌症和哺乳动物发育中的作用,her2/neu得到了广泛研究(hynes,n.e.等(1994)“the biology of erbb-2/neu/her-2and its role in cancer,”biochim.et biophys.acta 1198:165-184;dougall,w.c.等(1994)“the neu-oncogene:signal transduction pathways,transformation mechanisms and evolving therapies,”oncogene 9:2109-2123;lee,k.f.等(1995)“requirement for neuregulin receptor erbb2 in neural and cardiacdevelopment,”nature378:394-398)。人her2/neu基因和her2/neu蛋白质描述在下述文献中:semba,k.等(1985)“a v-erbb-related protooncogene,c-erbb-2,is distinct fromthe c-erbb-1/epidermal growth factor-receptor gene and is amplified in ahuman salivary gland adenocarcinoma,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)82:6497-6501和yamamoto,t.等(1986)“similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-b-2gene to epidermal growth factor receptor,”nature 319:230-234,并且可在genbank中以登录号x03363获得序列。her2/neu包括四个结构域:配体结合的细胞外结构域;亲脂性跨膜结构域;保守的细胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域;和具有若干可被磷酸化的酪氨酸残基的羧基-末端信号传导结构域(plowman,g.d.等(1993)“ligand-specific activation ofher4/p180erbb4,a fourth member of the epidermal growth factor receptorfamily,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)90:1746-1750)。franklin,m.c.等(2004)“insights into erbb signaling from the structure of the erbb2-pertuzumabcomplex,”cancer cell.5(4):317-328描述了her2/neu细胞外结构域(ecd)的序列,其可获得自protein databank record 1s78(2004)。her2/neu用作生长因子受体并且通常由乳腺癌、卵巢癌或肺癌癌的细胞表达。her2/neu在25-30%的人乳腺癌和卵巢癌中过表达,并且其过表达与受影响的患者中快的临床进程和差的预后相关(slamon,d.j.等(1987)“human breast cancer:correlation ofrelapse and survival with amplification of the her-2/neu oncogene,”science235:177-182;slamon,d.j.等(1989)“studies of the her-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer,”science244:707-712)。也已经在其他癌的癌细胞中观察到了her2/neu的过表达,所述癌包括胃癌、子宫内膜癌、唾液腺癌、肺癌、肾癌、结肠癌、甲状腺癌、胰腺癌和膀胱癌(见,例如king,c.r.等(1985)“amplification ofa novel v-erbb-related gene in a human mammary carcinoma,”science 229:974;mccann,a.等(1990)“c-erbb-2oncoprotein expression in primary human tumors,”cancer 65:88-92;yonemura,y.等(1991)“evaluation of immunoreactivity for erbb-2protein as a marker ofpoor short term prognosis in gastric cancer”cancerresearch 51:1034)。已经将her2/neu的激活与乳腺癌患者中对激素疗法降低的临床反应性相关联(wright,c.et.al.(1989)“expression of c-erbb-2oncoprotein:a prognosticindicator in human breast cancer,”cancer res.49:2087-2090;kurokawa,h.等(2001)“inhibition of erbb receptor(her)tyrosine kinases as a strategy to abrogateantiestrogen resistance in human breast cancer,”clin.cancer res.7:4436s-42s,4411s-4412s)。事实上,her2/neu表达足以传输抗雌激素抗性(benz,c.c.等(1993)“estrogen-dependent,tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of mcf-7cellstransfected with her2/neu,”breast cancer res.treat.24:85-95)。her2/neu以及her-3似乎牵涉前列腺癌患者中激素抗性的发作。约三分之一的前列腺癌患者接收激素疗法治疗,目标是破坏睾丸和肾上腺雄激素的功能。就乳腺癌而言,抗性是不可避免的。最近的数据提示,源自her2/neu和her-3的信号诱导了“激素难治性”的状态(mellinghoff,i.k.等(2004)“her2/neu kinase-dependent modulation of androgen receptor functionthrough effects on dna binding and stability,”cancer cell 6:517-527)。若干截短和剪接形式的her2/neu是已知的。例如,通过使用内含子中的多腺苷酸化信号产生的可选的转录体产生了位于一些胃癌细胞的细胞核周围的细胞质中的截短ecd(yamamoto,t.等(1986)“similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-b-2geneto epidermal growth factor receptor,”nature 319:230-234;和scott,g.k.等(1993)“a truncated intracellular her2/neu receptor produced by alternative rnaprocessing affects growth of human carcinoma cells,”mol.cell.biol.13:2247-2257)。her2/neu的ecd也可在培养中从乳腺癌细胞蛋白水解脱落,其在一些癌症患者的血清中被发现,因此可以作为转移性乳腺癌和总体差的预后的血清标记物(petch,l.a.等(1990)“a truncated,secreted form of the epidermal growth factor receptor isencoded by an alternatively spliced transcript in normal rat tissue,”mol.cell.biol.10:2973-2982;leitzel,k.等(1992)“elevated soluble c-erbb-2antigen levels in the serum and effusions of a proportion of breast cancerpatients,”j.clin.oncol.10:1436-1443;scott,g.k.等(1993)“a truncatedintracellular her2/neu receptor produced by alternative rna processingaffects growth of human carcinoma cells,”mol.cell.biol.13:2247-2257;和lee,h.等(1998)“isolation and characterization of four alternate c-erbb3 transcriptsexpressed in ovarian carcinoma-derived cell lines and normal human tissues,”oncogene 16:3243-3252)。在一些过表达her2/neu的癌细胞中,熟知的金属蛋白酶激活剂,乙酸4-氨基苯汞(apma)激活金属蛋白酶比如adam10和adam15,将her2/neu受体切割成两个部分:称为p95的截短的膜相关受体,和称为p105或ecd105的可溶性ecd(见,例如molina,m.a.等(2001)“trastuzumab(herceptin),a humanized anti-her2 receptor monoclonalantibody,inhibits basal and activated her2 ectodomain cleavage in breastcancer cells,”cancer res.61:4744-4749;美国专利公开号2004/0247602)。ecd的损失致使p95受体成为组成型活性酪氨酸激酶,其可递送生长和生存信号至癌细胞(见,例如,美国专利号6,541,214)。研究已经显示在过表达her2/neu的乳腺癌细胞中,用对her2/neu特异性的抗体组合化疗剂(例如,顺铂、阿霉素(doxoubicin)、紫杉醇)进行治疗引起比单独用化疗进行治疗更高的细胞毒性应答(hancock,m.c.等(1991)“a monoclonal antibody against the c-erbb-2protein enhances the cytotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinumagainst human breast and ovarian tumor cell lines,”cancer res.51:4575-4580;arteaga,c.l.等(1994)“p185c-erbb-2signal enhances cisplatin-inducedcytotoxicity in human breast carcinoma cells:association between an oncogenicreceptor tyrosine kinase and drug-induced dna repair,”cancer 54:3758-3765;pietras,r.j.等(1994)“antibody to her-2/neu receptor blocks dna repair aftercisplatin in human breast and ovarian cancer cells,”oncogene 9:1829-1838)。her2/neu抗体可能增强对化疗剂应答的可能的机制是通过调节her2/neu蛋白质表达或通过干扰dna修复(stancovski,i.等(1991)“mechanistic aspects of the opposingeffects of monoclonal antibodies to the erbb2 receptor on tumor growth,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)88:8691-8695;bacus,s.s.等(1992)“a ligand for theerbb-2oncogene product(gp30)induces differentiation of human breast cancercells,”cell growth&diff.3:401-411;bacus,s.s.等(1993)“neu differentiationfactor(heregulin)induces expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1:implications for mammary tumors,”cancer res.53:5251-5261;klapper,l.n.等(1997)“a subclass of tumor-inhibitory monoclonal antibodies to erbb-2/her2 blockscrosstalk with growth factor receptors,”oncogene 14:2099-2109;klapper,l.n.等(2000)“tumor-inhibitory antibodies to her-2/erbb-2may act by recruiting c-cbland enhancing ubiquitination of her-2,”cancer res.60:3384-3388;arteaga,c.l.等(2001)“the epidermal growth factor receptor:from mutant oncogene in nonhumancancers to therapeutic target in human neoplasia,”j clinical oncology 19(18s):32s-40s)。已经开发了靶向her-1或her2/neu的许多单克隆抗体和小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。例如,称为鼠科抗体“4d5”的鼠科单克隆抗体识别位置非常靠近跨膜区的her2/neu的富含半胱氨酸的ii结构域中的细胞外表位(氨基酸529至627)。用鼠科4d5和人源化4d5治疗乳腺癌细胞部分阻断了her2/neu-her-3复合物的ndf/调蛋白激活,如通过受体磷酸化试验测量的(carter,p.等(1992)“humanization of an anti-p185her2 antibody for humancancer therapy,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)89:4285-4289;sliwkowski,m.x.等(1999)“nonclinical studies addressing the mechanism of action of trastuzumab(herceptin),”sem.in oncol.26:60-70;ye,d.等(1999)“augmentation of a humanizedanti-her2 mab 4d5 induced growth inhibition by a human-mouse chimeric anti-egf receptor mab c225,”oncogene18:731-738;vogel,c.l.等(2001)“first-lineherceptin monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer,”oncology 61(suppl 2):37-42;vogel,c.l等(2002)“efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent infirst-line treatment of her2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer,”j.clin.oncol.20(3):719-726;fujimoto-ouchi,k.等(2002)“antitumor activityofcombinations of anti-her-2antibody trastuzumab and oral fluoropyrimidinescapecitabine/5′-dfurd in human breast cancer models,”cancerchemother.pharmacol.49:211-216)。但是,向人施用鼠科4d5临床上失败了,因为患者迅速发展了人抗鼠抗体(hama)应答,从而开发了人源化形式的鼠科4d5。人源化4d5抗体的序列和晶体结构已经描述在下述文献中:美国专利号6,054,297;carter,p.等(1992)“humanization of an anti-p185her2 antibody for human cancer therapy,”proc.natl.acad.sci.(u.s.a.)89:4285-4289;和eigenbrot,c.等(1993)“x-raystructures of the antigen-binding domains from three variants of humanizedanti-p185her2 antibody 4d5 and comparison with molecular modeling,”j.mol.biol.229:969-995。开发了称为“曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)”的人源化形式的鼠科4d5抗体(作为由genentech,inc.出售),并且已经批准用于治疗涉及her2/neu的过表达或基因扩增的癌症,包括乳腺癌((cobleigh,m.a.等(1999)“multinationalstudy of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-her2 monoclonal antibodyin women who have her2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that hasprogressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease,”j.clin.oncol.17:2639-2648)。曲妥珠单抗在体外抑制apma-介导的her2/neu切割成ecd和p95部分,并且认为在体外通过不同的机制起作用,包括可能的抑制her2/neu脱落(pegram,m.d.等(1998)“phaseii study of receptor-enhanced chemosensitivity using recombinant humanizedanti-p185her2/neu monoclonal antibody plus cisplatin in patients with her2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer refractory to chemotherapytreatment,”j.clin.oncology 16(8):2659-2671;baselga,j.等(2001)“mechanism ofaction of trastuzumab and scientific update,”seminars in oncology 28(5)(suppl.16):4-11;baselga,j.等(2001)“mechanism of action of anti-her2monoclonal antibodies,”ann.oncol.12(suppl.1):s35-s41)。但是,曲妥珠单抗疗法具有各种缺点,比如心脏毒性和在一些患者中人抗人源化抗体(haha)应答的发展。本文提供了用于癌症疗法的新的和改进形式的抗her2/neu抗体,例如工程化的嵌合4d5抗体,其具有增加的亲和力或特异性、降低的hama或haha应答的可能性、增强的效应子功能等,并且已经在pct公开wo 2009/123894中描述。在临床前研究中,已经显示这类工程化的4d5抗体展示了针对her2/neu阳性肿瘤,包括低her2/neu表达子,的增强的adcc活性,与效应细胞的fcγr变体无关(nordstrom,j.l.等(2011)“anti-tumor activity andtoxicokinetics analysis of mgah22,an anti-her2 monoclonal antibody withenhanced fcγreceptor binding properties,”breast cancer research 13(6):r123)。另外,i期研究表明,在患有乳腺癌和胃食管癌的、在her-2/neu疗法之前失败的患者中,和在患有表达her2/neu的肿瘤的并且认为曲妥珠单抗对该肿瘤无效的患者中,这类抗体耐受良好并且具有有希望的活性(burris,h.a..(2013)“phase i study of margetuximab(mgah22),an fc-modified chimeric monoclonal antibody(mab),in patients(pts)with advanced solid tumors expressing the her2 oncoprotein,”j.clin.oncol.suppl:abstr.3004)。因此,这类改进的抗her2/neu抗体为肿瘤表达低水平的her2/neu的患者或其他her2/neu疗法无效的患者提供了新的治疗选择。ii.细胞介导的免疫应答人和其他哺乳动物的免疫系统负责提供抗感染和疾病的保护。这类保护通过体液免疫应答和细胞介导的免疫应答提供。体液应答导致产生抗体和能够识别和中和外源靶(抗原)的其他生物分子。相比之下,细胞介导的免疫应答涉及通过t细胞激活巨噬细胞、天然杀伤细胞(nk)和抗原特异性细胞毒性t-淋巴细胞,和响应抗原的识别释放各种细胞因子(dong,c.等(2003)“immune regulation by novel costimulatory molecules,”immunolog.res.28(1):39-48)。t细胞最佳介导针对抗原的免疫应答的能力需要两种不同的信号传导相互作用(viglietta,v.等(2007)“modulating co-stimulation,”neurotherapeutics 4:666-675;korman,a.j.等(2007)“checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy,”adv.immunol.90:297-339)。首先,已经排列在抗原呈递细胞(apc)的表面上的抗原必须被呈递至抗原特异性幼稚cd4+t细胞。这类呈递经t细胞受体(tcr)递送信号,所述t细胞受体引导t细胞启动对呈递的抗原特异性的免疫应答。第二,通过apc和不同的t细胞表面分子之间的相互作用介导的一系列共刺激和抑制信号,首先引发t细胞的激活和增殖,并最终引发它们的抑制。因此,第一信号为免疫应答提供特异性,而第二信号用于确定应答的性质、量级(magnitude)和持续时间。免疫系统受共刺激和共抑制配体和受体的严格控制。这些分子为t细胞激活提供第二信号,并且提供正信号和负信号的平衡网络,以使针对感染的免疫应答最大化,同时限制对自身的免疫性(wang,l.等(2011)“vista,a novel mouse ig superfamily ligandthat negatively regulates t-cell responses,”j.exp.med.10.1084/jem.20100619:1-16;lepenies,b.等(2008)“the role of negative costimulators during parasiticinfections,”endocrine,metabolic&immune disorders-drug targets 8:279-288)。对于保持自身耐受性和调节免疫应答的持续时间和幅度(amplitude)关键的抑制途径统称为免疫检查点(immune checkpoint)。尤其重要的是抗原呈递细胞的b7.1(cd80)和b7.2(cd86)配体和cd4+t-淋巴细胞的cd28和ctla-4受体之间的结合(sharpe,a.h.等(2002)“the b7-cd28 superfamily,”nature rev.immunol.2:116-126;dong,c.等(2003)“immuneregulation by novel costimulatory molecules,”immunolog.res.28(1):39-48;lindley,p.s.等(2009)“the clinical utility of inhibiting cd28-mediatedcostimulation,”immunol.rev.229:307-321)。b7.1或b7.2与cd28的结合刺激t细胞激活;b7.1或b7.2与ctla-4的结合抑制这类激活(dong,c.等(2003)“immune regulation bynovel costimulatory molecules,”immunolog.res.28(1):39-48;lindley,p.s.等(2009)“the clinical utility of inhibiting cd28-mediated costimulation,”immunol.rev.229:307-321;greenwald,r.j.等(2005)“the b7 family revisited,”ann.rev.immunol.23:515-548)。cd28在t细胞的表面上组成型表达(gross,j.,等(1992)“identification and distribution of the costimulatory receptor cd28 in themouse,”j.immunol.149:380–388),而ctla-4表达在t细胞激活之后快速上调(linsley,p.等(1996)“intracellular trafficking of ctla4and focal localization towardssites of tcr engagement,”immunity 4:535–543)。因为ctla-4是较高亲和力的受体(sharpe,a.h.等(2002)“the b7-cd28 superfamily,”nature rev.immunol.2:116-126),结合首先启动t细胞增殖(经cd28),然后抑制它(经ctla-4的初期表达),从而当不再需要增殖时,抑制该作用。对cd28受体的配体的进一步研究已经导致鉴定和表征了一组相关的b7分子(“b7超家族”)(sharpe,a.h.等(2002)“the b7-cd28superfamily,”nature rev.immunol.2:116-126;greenwald,r.j.等(2005)“the b7 family revisited,”ann.rev.immunol.23:515-548;collins,m.等(2005)“the b7 family of immune-regulatory ligands,”genomebiol.6:223.1-223.7;loke,p.等(2004)“emerging mechanisms of immune regulation:the extended b7 family and regulatory t-cells.”arthritis res.ther.6:208-214;korman,a.j.等(2007)“checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy,”adv.immunol.90:297-339;flies,d.b.等(2007)“the new b7s:playing a pivotal rolein tumor immunity,”j.immunother.30(3):251-260;agarwal,a.等(2008)“the role ofpositive costimulatory molecules in transplantation and tolerance,”curr.opin.organ transplant.13:366-372;wang,s.等(2004)“co-signaling moleculesof the b7-cd28 family in positive and negative regulation of t lymphocyteresponses,”microbes infect.6:759-766)。目前存在若干已知的家族成员:b7.1(cd80)、b7.2(cd86)、可诱导的共刺激物配体(icos-l)、程序化死亡-1配体(pd-l1;b7-h1)、程序化死亡-2配体(pd-l2;b7-dc)、b7-h3、b7-h4和b7-h6(collins,m.等(2005)“the b7 familyof immune-regulatory ligands,”genome biol.6:223.1-223.7;flajnik,m.f.等(2012)“evolution of the b7 family:co-evolution of b7h6 and nkp30,identification ofa new b7 family member,b7h7,and of b7’s historical relationship with themhc,”immunogenetics 64(8):571-90)。iii.pd-1程序化死亡-1(“pd-1”)是广泛负调节免疫应答的扩展的t细胞调节子的cd28/ctla-4家族的约31kd i型膜蛋白成员(ishida,y.等(1992)“induced expression of pd-1,a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily,upon programmed celldeath,”embo j.11:3887-3895;美国专利申请公开号2007/0202100、2008/0311117、2009/00110667;美国专利号6,808,710、7,101,550、7,488,802、7,635,757、7,722,868;pct公开号wo 01/14557)。pd-1在激活的t细胞、b细胞和单核细胞上表达(agata,y.等(1996)“expressionof the pd-1antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse t and b lymphocytes,”int.immunol.8(5):765-772;yamazaki,t.等(2002)“expression of programmed death1ligands by murine t-cells and apc,”j.immunol.169:5538-5545),并且以低水平在天然杀伤细胞(nk)t细胞中表达(nishimura,h.等(2000)“facilitation of beta selectionand modification of positive selection in the thymus of pd-1-deficient mice,”j.exp.med.191:891-898;martin-orozco,n.等(2007)“inhibitory costimulation andanti-tumor immunity,”semin.cancer biol.17(4):288-298)。pd-1的细胞外区域由与ctla-4中的等同结构域有23%同一性的单免疫球蛋白(ig)v结构域组成(martin-orozco,n.等(2007)“inhibitory costimulation and anti-tumor immunity,”semin.cancer biol.17(4):288-298)。细胞外igv结构域之后是跨膜区和细胞内尾部。细胞内尾部包含位于免疫受体酪氨酸基抑制基序和免疫受体酪氨酸基转换基序中的两个磷酸化位点,这表明pd-1负调节tcr信号(ishida,y.等(1992)“inducedexpression of pd-1,a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily,uponprogrammed cell death,”embo j.11:3887-3895;blank,c.等(2006)“contribution ofthe pd-l1/pd-1pathway to t-cell exhaustion:an update on implications forchronic infections and tumor evasion cancer,”immunol.immunother.56(5):739-745)。通过结合b7-h1和b7-dc,pd-1介导其对免疫系统的抑制(flies,d.b.等(2007)“the new b7s:playing a pivotal role in tumor immunity,”j.immunother.30(3):251-260;美国专利号6,803,192、7,794,710;美国专利申请公开号2005/0059051、2009/0055944、2009/0274666、2009/0313687;pct申请号wo 01/39722、wo 02/086083)。b7-h1和b7-dc广泛地在人和鼠组织的表面上表达,比如心脏、胎盘、肌肉、胎肝、脾、淋巴结和胸腺以及鼠肝脏、肺、肾、胰腺的胰岛细胞和小肠(martin-orozco,n.等(2007)“inhibitory costimulation and anti-tumor immunity,”semin.cancer biol.17(4):288-298)。在人中,已经在人内皮细胞(chen,y.等(2005)“expression of b7-h1 ininflammatory renal tubular epithelial cells,”nephron.exp.nephrol.102:e81-e92;de haij,s.等(2005)“renal tubular epithelial cells modulate t-cell responsesvia icos-l and b7-h1”kidney int.68:2091-2102;mazanet,m.m.等(2002)“b7-h1 isexpressed by human endothelial cells and suppresses t-cell cytokinesynthesis,”j.immunol.169:3581-3588)、心肌(brown,j.a.等(2003)“blockade ofprogrammed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances t-cell activation andcytokine production,”j.immunol.170:1257-1266)、合胞滋养层(syncyciotrophoblast)(petroff,m.g.等(2002)“b7 family molecules:novel immunomodulators at thematernal-fetal interface,”placenta23:s95-s101)中发现b7-h1蛋白质表达。分子也由一些组织的驻留型巨噬细胞、已经通过干扰素(ifn)-γ或肿瘤坏死因子(tnf)-α激活的巨噬细胞表达(latchman,y.等(2001)“pd-l2 is a second ligand for pd-1and inhibitst-cell activation,”nat.immunol 2:261-268),并且中肿瘤中被表达(dong,h.(2003)“b7-h1 pathway and its role in the evasion of tumor immunity,”j.mol.med.81:281-287)。已经发现b7-h1和pd-1之间的相互作用为t-细胞和b细胞提供了重要的负共刺激信号(martin-orozco,n.等(2007)“inhibitory costimulation and anti-tumorimmunity,”semin.cancer biol.17(4):288-298)并作为细胞死亡诱导物发挥作用(ishida,y.等(1992)“induced expression ofpd-1,a novel member of theimmunoglobulin gene superfamily,upon programmed cell death,”embo j.11:3887-3895;subudhi,s.k.等(2005)“the balance of immune responses:costimulation versecoinhibition,”j.molec.med.83:193-202)。更具体而言,已经发现低浓度的pd-1受体和b7-h1配体之间的相互作用导致抑制信号的传递,所述抑制信号强烈抑制抗原特异性cd8+t细胞的增殖;在较高浓度下,与pd-1的相互作用不抑制t细胞增殖,但是明显减少多种细胞因子的产生(sharpe,a.h.等(2002)“the b7-cd28 superfamily,”nature rev.immunol.2:116-126)。已经发现,通过静息和先前激活的cd4和cd8 t细胞,和甚至来自脐带血的幼稚t细胞的t细胞增殖和细胞因子产生受可溶性b7-h1-fc融合蛋白的抑制(freeman,g.j.等(2000)“engagement of the pd-1immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel b7 familymember leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation,”j.exp.med.192:1-9;latchman,y.等(2001)“pd-l2 is a second ligand for pd-1and inhibits t-cellactivation,”nature immunol.2:261-268;carter,l.等(2002)“pd-1:pd-l inhibitorypathway affects both cd4(+)and cd8(+)t-cells and is overcome by il-2,”eur.j.immunol.32(3):634-643;sharpe,a.h.等(2002)“the b7-cd28 superfamily,”nature rev.immunol.2:116-126)。b7-h1和pd-1抑制t细胞激活和增殖的作用已经提示,这些生物分子可用作治疗炎症和癌症的治疗性靶标。因此,已经建议了使用抗pd-1抗体治疗感染和肿瘤和上调适应性免疫应答(见,美国专利申请公开号2010/0040614、2010/0028330、2004/0241745、2008/0311117、2009/0217401;美国专利号7,521,051、7,563,869、7,595,048;pct公开号wo2004/056875、wo 2008/083174)。agata,t.等(1996)“expression of the pd-1antigen onthe surface of stimulated mouse t and b lymphocytes,”int.immunol.8(5):765-772;和berger,r.等(2008)“phase i safety and pharmacokinetic study of ct-011,ahumanized antibody interacting with pd-1,in patients with advancedhematologic malignancies,”clin.cancer res.14(10):3044-3051已经报道了能够特异性结合pd-1的抗体(也见,美国专利号8,008,449和8,552,154;美国专利公开号2007/0166281、2012/0114648、2012/0114649、2013/0017199、2013/0230514和2014/0044738;和pct专利公开号wo 2003/099196、wo 2004/004771、wo 2004/056875、wo 2004/072286、wo2006/121168、wo 2007/005874、wo 2008/083174、wo 2009/014708、wo 2009/073533、wo2012/135408、wo 2012/145549、和wo 2013/014668)。iv.表达her2/neu的癌症her2/neu的扩增或过表达发生在约25-30%的乳腺癌中(mitri,z.等(2012)."theher2 receptor in breast cancer:pathophysiology,clinical use,and new advancesin therapy,"chemother res pract2012:742193;burstein,h.j.(2005)"thedistinctive nature of her2-positive breast cancers,"n.engl.j.med.353(16):1652–4)。也已知过表达发生在卵巢、胃和浸润形式的子宫癌中(见例如,yonemura,y.等(1991)“evaluation of immunoreactivity for erbb-2protein as a marker ofpoorshort term prognosis in gastric cancer”cancer research 51:1034;lanitis,e.(2012)“primary human ovarian epithelial cancer cells broadly express her2 atimmunologically-detectable levels,”plos one 7(11):e49829;和tan,m.等(2007)."molecular mechanisms of erbb2-mediated breast cancer chemoresistance,"adv.exp.med.biol.608:119–29)。如上所述,her2/neu的过表达与增加的疾病复发和差的预后密切相关。但是,her2/neu也是抗her2/neu药物,包括靶向受体的细胞外结构域的单克隆抗体比如曲妥珠单抗和玛格妥昔单抗(margetuximab),和小分子腺苷三磷酸(atp)竞争剂的重要的靶标,所述小分子腺苷三磷酸(atp)竞争剂能够阻断her2靶特异性剂诸如拉帕替尼(lapatinib)的细胞内结构域中酪氨酸激酶(tk)活性((gandhi,m.d.等(2014)“targeted treatment of head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma:potential oflapatinib,”onco.targets ther.7:245-251;opdam,f.l.等(2012)“lapatinib foradvanced or metastatic breast cancer,”oncologist 17(4):536-542;liao,j.等(2010)“lapatinib:new opportunities for management ofbreast cancer,”breastcancer(dove med press)2:79-91)。尽管有效靶向过表达her2/neu的癌症已经改善了无进展生存(pfs)和总体生存(os)率,但是表达her2/neu的转移性乳腺癌仍是不可治愈的疾病。事实上,许多乳腺癌患者在用her2/neu靶向剂,比如曲妥珠单抗和拉帕替尼治疗之后复发,表明存在从头开始的(denovo)或获得的抗性(tan,m.等(2007).“molecular mechanisms of erbb2-mediatedbreast cancer chemoresistance,”adv.exp.med.biol.608:119–29;singh等(2014)“her2-positive advanced breast cancer:optimizing patient outcomes andopportunities for drug development,”british journal of cancer 111:1888–1898;formisano,l.等(2014)“epidermal growth factor-receptor activation modulatessrc-dependent resistance to lapatinib in breast cancer models,”breast cancerresearch 16:r45)。此外,低her2/neu表达也可能与差的预后相关(gilcrease m.z.等(2009)“even low-level her2 expression may be associated with worse outcome innode-positive breast cancer,”am j surg pathol.2009 33(5):759-67)。但是,还没有her2/neu靶向治疗疗法被批准用于患表达低水平的her2/neu的癌症的患者。这些发现突出了开发用于表达her2/neu的癌症的改进疗法的重要性。因此,尽管之前的进步,但是仍需要改进的组合物和方法,用于治疗表达her2/neu的癌症,尤其是转移乳腺癌和表达低水平的her2/neu的癌症。本发明涉及这类组合物和将它们用于治疗her2/neu阳性乳腺癌和表达her2/neu的其他癌症的方法。
背景技术:
::技术实现思路1、本发明涉及药物组合物,其包括特异性结合her2/neu的第一分子和特异性结合细胞表面受体的、参与调节免疫检查点(或其配体)的第二分子。本发明尤其涉及其中第二分子结合pd-1的实施方式。本发明也涉及这类药物组合物治疗癌症和其他疾病的用途。2、具体地,本发明提供了治疗癌症的方法,其包括向需要其的受试者施用特异性结合her2/neu的抗体和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子。3、本发明尤其涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是“变异的嵌合4d5抗体”,其包括具有seq id no:4的氨基酸序列的轻链可变结构域和具有选自seqid no:9、seq id no:11和seq id no:13的氨基酸序列的重链。4、本发明尤其涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体或其抗原结合片段。5、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中抗pd-1抗体或其抗原结合片段:6、(a)与下述抗体竞争pd-1结合:尼鲁单抗、派姆单抗、皮地珠单抗、抗体eh12.2h7、抗体hpd-1mab 2、抗体hpd-1mab 7、抗体hpd-1mab 9、抗体hpd-1mab 15或选自表1的另外的抗pd-1抗体;或7、(b)具有下述抗体的三个重链cdr和三个轻链cdr:尼鲁单抗、派姆单抗、皮地珠单抗、抗体eh12.2h7、抗体hpd-1mab 2、抗体hpd-1mab 7、抗体hpd-1mab 9、抗体hpd-1mab 15或选自表1的另外的抗pd-1抗体;或8、(c)具有下述抗体的重链可变结构域和轻链可变结构域:尼鲁单抗、派姆单抗、皮地珠单抗、抗体eh12.2h7、抗体hpd-1mab 2、抗体hpd-1mab 7、抗体hpd-1mab 9、抗体hpd-1mab 15或选自表1的另外的抗pd-1抗体。9、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中抗pd-1抗体或其抗原结合片段包括fc区。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中fc区包括减少变异的fc区对fcγriiia(cd16a)的亲和力和/或减少adcc活性的一个或多个氨基酸修饰。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中修饰包括下述取代:l234a;l235a;或l234a和l235a。10、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中抗pd-1抗体是尼鲁单抗、派姆单抗、皮地珠单抗、抗体eh12.2h7、抗体hpd-1mab 2、抗体hpd-1mab 7、抗体hpd-1mab 9、抗体hpd-1mab 15或选自表1的另外的抗pd-1抗体。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中抗pd-1抗体的抗原结合片段是下述抗体的抗原结合片段:尼鲁单抗、派姆单抗、皮地珠单抗、抗体eh12.2h7、抗体hpd-1mab 2、抗体hpd-1mab 7、抗体hpd-1mab 9、抗体hpd-1mab 15或选自表1的另外的抗pd-1抗体。11、本发明另外涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其是变异的嵌合4d5抗体)以约6-18mg/kg体重/三周的剂量施用,和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其是抗pd-1抗体)以约200mg/三周的固定剂量施用。本发明也涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其是变异的嵌合4d5抗体)以约6-18mg/kg体重/三周的剂量施用,和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的分子、调节免疫检查点的(尤其是抗pd-1抗体)以约1-10mg/kg体重/三周的剂量施用。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其变异的嵌合4d5抗体)以每三周约6mg/kg体重、约10mg/kg体重、约15mg/kg体重,或约18mg/kg体重的剂量施用。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其抗pd-1抗体)以约1mg/kg体重、约2mg/kg体重、约3mg/kg体重,或约10mg/kg体重的剂量施用。12、本发明另外涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其变异的嵌合4d5抗体)和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其抗pd-1抗体)在单药物组合物中被同时施用至受试者。13、本发明另外涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其变异的嵌合4d5抗体)和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其抗pd-1抗体)在分开的组合物中同时被施用,使得在24小时时间段内两种组合物均被施用。14、本发明另外涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其变异的嵌合4d5抗体)和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其抗pd-1抗体)在分开的药物组合物中顺序施用至受试者,尤其地,其中第二施用的组合物在施用第一施用的组合物之后至少24小时或更长时间后施用。15、本发明尤其涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中癌症是表达her2/neu的癌症。本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中癌症是乳腺癌、胃癌,前列腺癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌、子宫内膜癌、肾上腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、头颈癌、喉癌、肝癌、肾癌、恶性胶质瘤或胰腺癌。16、本发明另外涉及这类方法的实施方式,其进一步包括施用第三治疗剂的步骤,尤其地,其中第三治疗剂是抗血管生成剂、抗肿瘤剂、化疗剂或细胞毒性剂。17、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中第三治疗剂与特异性结合her2/neu的抗体(尤其变异的嵌合4d5抗体)和/或特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子(尤其抗pd-1抗体)同时施用或分开施用。18、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体派姆单抗。19、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体尼鲁单抗。20、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体皮地珠单抗。21、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体eh12.2h7。22、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体hpd-1mab 2。23、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体hpd-1mab 7。24、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体hpd-1mab 9。25、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是抗pd-1抗体hpd-1mab 15。26、本发明进一步涉及这类方法的实施方式,其中特异性结合her2/neu的抗体是玛格妥昔单抗和特异性结合细胞表面受体或其配体的、调节免疫检查点的分子是选自表1的抗pd-1抗体。27、本发明另外的优势和特征将通过下面的详细说明、附图和实施例而变得明显,所述详细说明、附图和实施例阐释了本发明的优选实施方式。当前第1页12当前第1页12